Operations management for creating competitive advantage Essay

Tasks the board for making upper hand - Essay Example For example, areas are first chosen remembering the nation, at that point the locale and in conclusion the site. Partners, particularly the investors are dealt with by boosting the benefits of the organization and returning benefits in the advancement of the organization as it were. A portion of the suggestions that have been given are that of utilizing scientific methods in picking areas and the beginning of opening charges. The spending that will be utilized is to employ prepared HR and the tremendous expenses for purchasing in reverse connections that is providers. The inventive proposal is that of utilizing fragrance showcasing. With everything taken into account, the organization Tesco is rehearsing productive tasks the executives however there is consistently opportunity to get better, on the off chance that they need to support their situation of market pioneer. This contextual analysis is planned for applying the hypothetical side of the investigation of tasks the executives to a true organization. Tasks the executives is an exceptionally expansive term and hence it joins inside itself numerous different issues and exercises through which an organization’s products and enterprises are changed and changed from the data sources that were put to the yields that are delivered. It is about the different tasks that are performed on the merchandise and enterprises from the second their creation starts to the second the client gets it. In this report, Britain-based organization Tesco has been pointed and its tasks the executives exercises have been examined. Suggestions on how OM exercises can be improved have likewise been given. The report likewise assesses the different financials behind the exercises just as the spending that might be required. The issue looked by Tesco is that of continuing its market head position. Rivalry from Sainsbury and other driving retail locations is a major danger for Tesco and it wouldn't like to miss out on piece of the overall industry to these contenders. Subsequently, enhancing activities the executives is one of the fundamental things that it can

Taking the LSAT Under Special Circumstances

Taking the LSAT Under Special Circumstances Taking the LSAT is a colossal advance as you continued looking for a profession in the case world. Indeed, its essential for pretty much every graduate school application out there! Things being what they are, imagine a scenario in which you have to take the LSAT under extraordinary conditions. Maybe you can't test on the Sabbath, and need to enlist for the test on another date. Is that conceivable? Or on the other hand, maybe you basically can't bear the cost of the LSAT expenses. what can be done? Underneath, youll discover some data about taking the LSAT under these extraordinary conditions, and the means expected to finish your enlistment on the off chance that you fall under one of these classifications. Sabbath Observers On the off chance that you happen to watch the Sabbath on Saturdays, and in this manner, can't take a test on that date, at that point what are your alternatives if youre attempting to get into graduate school? LSAC (Law School Admission Council) has as of now make courses of action for you. In the event that you check the LSAT test dates, youll see that the test is offered one more day of the week each time its given on a Saturday. Ordinarily, those days are Mondays. You can enlist as a Saturday Sabbath Observer (directions on the web), yet a hold will be put for you until LSAC gets a letter from your rabbi or priest on legitimate writing material that clarifies your strict connection. Lets state your rabbi isnt the timeliest of sorts. Youll must be tireless in your solicitation, at that point! All letters must be gotten by the late enlistment cutoff time for your test date, or you won't have the option to test on that date. Without a doubt, youll recover your money, yet you may miss the application cutoff time for your school of decision. Better ask early! Letters will be kept on document for you, so you wont need to request another one on the off chance that you choose to push your LSAT test back to another date or need to retest. What's more, for the record, on the off chance that you are taking the LSAT on a Sabbath Observers test date, you won't have the option to step through the exam on a normally booked test date (on a Saturday) later on. In the event that you register for a Saturday test date, LSAC will consequently knock your testing date to the Sabbath Observers testing date.â Need your rabbi to send in a letter for you? Heres the location and fax number where the person can send the archive: Address:â â â  â â LSAC Test Administration  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â PO BOX 2000-T  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Newtown PA 18940 Fax:â â â  â â â â â â â â â â 215.968.1277 Charge Waivers Not every person is made of cash, am I right? Truly, I am. It can get expensive when you separate the expense of the LSAT. From enrollment charges to the Credit Assembly Service (CAS), which is LSACs administration that sums up your student work and joins archives with LSAT score and composing test to make a report to send to graduate schools, your LSAT experience can get over the top expensive. Fortunately in the event that you qualify, you can get a portion of your charges deferred. Coming up next are remembered for a LSAT expense waiver, which will be useful for a long time from the date of restrictive endorsement by LSAC: Two LSATs (test dates must fall inside the two-year waiver period)One enlistment for LSACs Credential Assembly Service (CAS), which incorporates the Letter of Recommendation Service, the LSAC Evaluation Service, and access to electronic applications for all LSAC-part law schools;Four graduate school reports included with the Credential Assembly Service, accessible simply after conclusive endorsement of a LSAC expense waiver;One duplicate of the Official LSAT SuperPrep ®. Excluded? Things like test date changes, late enrollment, hand scoring, paper duplicates, and so on. All in all, how would you know whether you qualify? LSAC keeps it straightforward: on the off chance that you totally can't stand to pay for the test, at that point you qualify. What's more, theyll know since when you present your application (in any event a month and a half before your enrollment cutoff time), youll need to give tax documents and other money related materials so they can audit your case. On the off chance that youd like to demand an expense waiver before taking the LSAT, there are three approaches: Internet: Requesting an expense waiver through the online application is the quickest, most advantageous strategy. Youll need to either have a current LSAC.org account or be happy to make one. On the off chance that you dont need to round out the data on the web, you can download an application and mail it in. By Phone: U.S. or on the other hand Canadian residents can demand a charge waiver parcel by calling 215.968.1001 a month and a half before the enlistment deadline.â In Person: Go to your closest graduate school confirmation office or prelaw consultant in any event a month and a half preceding the enrollment cutoff time to demand an expense waiver bundle.

How Many People Have Phobias in the United States

How Many People Have Phobias in the United States Phobias Print Prevalence of Phobias in the United States By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 17, 2019 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on January 19, 2020 Peopleimages/Getty Images More in Phobias Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Phobias are the most common mental disorders in the U.S. according to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Approximately 10% of people in the U.S. have specific phobias, 7.1% experience social phobias, and 0.9% have agoraphobia.?? Whether youre terrified of spiders, heights, or speaking in public, you are not alone. Its possible that these numbers are low  since mental disorders are often under-reported in the U.S. This can be attributed to many factors, including a stigma associated with mental illness and a lack of adequate funding for treatment. These disorders can be disabling, which demonstrates the importance of proper diagnosis and treatment. The good news is that these conditions can be treated effectively once you seek help. What Are Phobias? A phobia is an overwhelming, irrational, and persistent  fear that leads to avoiding the object or situation. It can be a fear of a specific thing or of a social setting.?? Phobias fall into a class of mental disorders known as anxiety disorders. This class also includes generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder (formerly called social phobia) plus trauma and stressor-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and the spectrum of obsessive-compulsive disorders.  If you have a phobia and you cant avoid the object or situation you fear, you can experience extreme anxiety.  You may organize your life in ways that help you avoid the thing you fear, yet may still experience anxiety even thinking about it. Researchers are uncertain exactly what causes phobias. However, genetics, culture, and life events seem to play a role.?? Whatever the cause, phobias are treatable and can often be overcome with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Symptoms of Phobias Phobic symptoms can occur through exposure to the fear object or situation, or sometimes merely by thinking about it. These include: Dizziness, trembling and increased heart rateBreathlessnessNauseaA sense of unrealityFear of dyingPreoccupation with the fear object In some cases, these symptoms can escalate into a full-scale anxiety attack. Prevalence of the Most Common Phobias Prevalence is the measure of the proportion of a population who has a certain condition. Here are the statistics and prevalence rates of some common phobias: Social Phobia Social phobia is now called social anxiety disorder. It is a fear of social situations where you will be with unfamiliar people or may be scrutinized. Those with this disorder fear being embarrassed or humiliated in these situations. The fear of speaking in public is a specific type of social anxiety disorder. Social anxiety disorder generally appears for the first time in adolescence, at 13 years of age.Approximately 15 million American adults, or 7.1% of the adult population, and 5.5% of the teenage population are affected.??About 30% of those with social anxiety disorder have a severe case.Only about 40% of people with social anxiety disorder are being treated. More than a third of those with this disorder wait for 10 years or more before they seek treatment.Only slightly more women than men have a social anxiety disorder. Specific Phobias Specific phobias are grouped into five major categoriesâ€"animal type, natural environment type, situational type, blood-injected-injury type, and other type. NIMH  and the Anxiety Disorders Association of America say the most common specific phobias are of  closed-in places, heights, escalators, tunnels, highway driving, water, flying, dogs, animals, insects, thunder, public transportation, injuries involving blood, and dental and medical procedures.??Specific phobias generally appear in early childhood, around age 7.An estimated 9.1% of Americans, more than 19  million people, have a specific phobia, and many people have more than one specific phobia.The prevalence of specific phobias in teenagers is higher at 15.1%.More than twice as many women as men have specific phobias. Agoraphobia Agoraphobia is the fear of situations in which escape is difficult. If you have this phobia you might avoid being alone outside of your home, being in a crowded place, or traveling by car, bus, or airplane. Agoraphobia is commonly associated with panic disorder. Agoraphobia without panic disorder is relatively rare, affecting only 0.9% of the American population, or 1.8 million people.??Over 40% of those who have agoraphobia have a severe case.Less than half of the people with this condition are receiving treatment.The average age of onset is 20 years old.The prevalence in teenagers from ages 13 to 18 is 2.4%. A Word From Verywell While feeling anxiety about speaking in public or encountering a snake is common, phobias can be disabling. If you experience anxiety attacks or you cant do activities you want to do because of your fears, help is available. Phobias are treatable and often you can get permanent relief. How Exactly Do You Diagnose a Phobia?

The Devil in Joyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going,...

The Devil in Joyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Her name is Connie, and she is not unlike many girls of the time she lives in. She is vain, she is constantly at war with her family, and she is in an incredible rush to grow up. Her race to maturity is the trait focused on in Joyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been. It splits Connie into two different personalities: One for home, and one for anywhere that was not home (431). Everything about her?her walk, her smile, and her laugh?metamorphoses as soon as she steps out the front door. The child is hidden, the seductive young woman emerges, and the world of the ?big kids? is more than willing to take her in. This world is what†¦show more content†¦Connie notes from time to time that his feet seem to be deformed in some way. One of his feet seems to be bent inward, and his boots are apparently stuffed with something to fill the extra space. Several artistic works have depicted the Devil as a middle-aged, sharp-featured man who walks on the haunches of a goat . Oates?s periodic referral to Arnold Friend?s foot abnormality suggests a parallel between his portrait and that of Satan. Oates also highlights the aura of evil around Arnold Friend?s appearance by stressing how deathly pale his skin is and how his eyes look like ?holes that are not in shadow but instead in light? (435). The sunglasses that conceal Arnold Friend?s eyes also drive Connie to a degree of queasiness, mainly because all she can see in them is a distorted reflection of herself. He could be looking at anything: her deep brown eyes, her quivering body, or perhaps her very soul. The devices that Arnold Friend uses to tempt Connie also suggest that he is the Devil. As the Devil beguiled Eve with a shiny and mysterious apple in Milton?s Paradise Lost, so does Arnold Friend beguile Connie with his shiny and mysterious car. Connie finds the car attractive not only for its dazzling golden paint job but also for the epigrams that Arnold Friend has written on its various parts. Some are humorous, such as the line that appears above a dent in the rear fender: ?Done by crazy woman driver.? Others are more appealingShow MoreRelatedArnold Friend Symbolizes the Devil in Where are you Going, Where Have you been? by Joyce Carol Oates533 Words   |  3 PagesIn the story â€Å"Where are you Going, Where Have you been?† Joyce Carol Oates tells us about a fifteen year old girl named Connie. Connie is confronted by a young man who is trying to persuade her to take a ride with him. He introduces himself as Arnold Friend and kindly asks her to come with him but she refused. He then threatens Connie and her family. She is then forced outside and leaves with Arnold Friend. Arnold Friend clearly symbolizes the devil through his physical traits, his knowledge of ConnieRead MoreArnold Friend Analysis1096 Words   |  5 Pagesideas about what or who the Devil is, even among believers. The number of differing sources and translations have led to plenty of inconsistencies, rumors, and assumptions surrounding the Prince of Darkness. Throughout the short story â€Å"Where Are You going, Where Have You Been?†, Arnold Friend is seen as a symbolic Satan. Joyce Carol Oates uses dialogue, characterization, and plot to show the readers how Arnold embodies features of a symbolic Satan. One of the ways Oates shows Friend as a symbolicRead MoreEssay on Arnold Friend669 Words   |  3 Pagesseductive man, or should I say ArN OLD FrIEND with a dark appearance hiding something deeper, something evil? Arnold, posing as a teen-age boy, is none other than the devil himself, which shows in his words and actions, and in his physical traits. From the very beginning of, Joyce Carol Oates, Where are you going, Where Have you been? a certain number of religious references are interspersed throughout. These references help to maintain a biblical feeling, as well as to set a path for FriendsRead More Joyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?1539 Words   |  7 PagesJoyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joyce Carol Oates was born in 1938 in Lockport, New York. She started writing very young and that the age of fifteen she submitted her first novel, but it was rejected for being too dark;. This style of writing is common on many of her works including Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?; Oates graduated from Syracuse University and then went on to get her masters degree from the University of Wisconsin. Oates turnedRead MoreEssay About Arnold Friend1388 Words   |  6 Pagesstalker is one thing, but having the devil as a stalker is on another level. â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† is a short story written by Joyce Carol Oates. Through her writing, she expresses the devil with her use of the character, Arnold Friend. Throughout this story, one can tell Arnold Friend is a symbolic Satan through his description, use of language, and his knowledge. Arnold Friend’s physical description resembles Bob Dylan’s appearance, but the devil is known to take on tempting formsRead MoreWhere are you Going? Where Have you Been? by Joyce Carol Oates1100 Words   |  5 PagesWhere Are You Going, Where have you been? is a short story written by Joyce Carol Oates. The 75 year old American author and professor at Princeton University, introduce the story of 15 year old Connie who is rebelling against her mother’s whishes. A very arrogant and selfish girl that in her world the only thing that matters is how many heads she can turn when walking into a room. Through the story life gives her a test, to confront Arnold Friend, the antagonist of the story; who possesses a nefariousRead MoreEssay on Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been1312 Words   |  6 PagesWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been by Joyce Carol Oates â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been†, is one of the many short stories written by Mrs. Joyce Carol Oates that has become highly recognized. It was inspired by a magazine story about a serial killer. It quickly it became very popular andwas even the basis for the 1985 hit movie, â€Å"SmoothTalk†. Like many other short stories and novels written by Joyce Carol Oates, â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† is a story thatRead More Critical Analysis of Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?857 Words   |  4 PagesIn Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? the author, Joyce Carol Oates, essentially asserts that the nuances of ones personality are not generated from within, but rather shaped by external circumstances. This is an argument whose justification is abundantly clear in the inner conflict of Connie, the protagonist of the book. The source of that struggle is her unstable relationship with her family, which ultimately results in her identity conflict. As one who always been deprivedRead MoreAnalysis of â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesComp II 30 April 2011 Analysis of â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† by Joyce Carol Oates In 1966, Joyce Carol Oates published her short story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?†. Oates was inspired to write this story after reading about a serial killer that was referred to as â€Å"The Pied Piper of Tucson†. Oates was disturbed by the number of teenagers that this killer was able to persuade to help him and keep his secrets (Oates 1). Oates uses irony, imagery, and symbolism toRead MoreThe Devil in Disguise: Comparing and Contrasting the Devil Figure in Where Are You Going; Where Have You Been? The Man in the Black Suit and Young Goodman Brown671 Words   |  3 PagesThe   Devil   in   Disguise    â€Å"Even before he reached me, I recognized the aroma baking up from the skin under the suit--the smell of burned matches. The smell of sulfur. The man in the black suit was the Devil.† (King) A common theme among depictions of The Devil is that of unusual physical attributes. The Devil is depicted in three different stories (Joyce Carol Oates’ ‘Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?’, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s ‘Young Goodman Brown’, and Steven King’s ‘The Man

Essay on Safeguarding Vulnerable Adults - 3045 Words

STUDENT ID: 21162896 MODULE TITLE: SAFEGUARDING AND PROTECTING VULNERABLE ADULTS. MODULE CODE: NS40018/W ESSAY TITLE: SAFEGUARDING VULNERABLE ADULTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES WHO COME IN CONTACT WITH THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM. The aim of this essay is primarily to identify and discuss the reasons for and factors contributing to the vulnerability of adults with learning disabilities who come in contact with the criminal justice system. This essay will offer the rational for selecting this particular group and critically discuss their vulnerability. This essay will also discuss the factors that relate to their vulnerability as well as the impact this has on their overall health and wellbeing. This will be followed by discussions of†¦show more content†¦There also appears to be â€Å"no routine or systematic procedure for identifying adults with learning disabilities at any point in the criminal justice system† (Talbot 2007),meaning that when they do arrive in prison they are predominately more likely to be victimised than other prisoners and are consequently unable to access prison information routinely. Most importantly, â€Å"their exclusion from offending behaviour programmes in particular makes it less likely that their offending behaviour will be addressed and it is more likely that they will return to prison again and again†. (Talbot 2007 p.45). It is therefore fair to say that adults with learning disabilities health and social wellbeing is severely compromised when they come in contact with the justice system with little seeming to work properly, leaving these vulnerable individuals open to all sorts of abuse. It is the task of the multi agency/disciplinary team to focus on protecting the general welfare of adults with learning disabilities. These teams are generally statutory and non statutory and are composed of different professionals and specialists who support the criminal justice service, (for the courts this might be the Youth offending Team or Court liaison and Diversion Team and in prison it is the healthcare department). These specialists are predominantly community learning disability nurses, psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, social workers, care managers, speech and languageShow MoreRelatedSafeguarding: Abuse and Vulnerable Adults5874 Words   |  24 PagesThe Safeguarding Policy of HIT Training for all assessors Safeguarding Policy Policy Statement HIT Training Ltd is strongly committed to practices that protect children, young people and vulnerable adults from abuse, neglect or significant harm. Staffs recognise and accept their responsibility to develop the awareness of the risks and issues involved in safeguarding. The company also recognises that it has a responsibility to protect staff from unfounded allegations of abuse. The company is committedRead MoreSafeguarding And Protection Of Vulnerable Adults5290 Words   |  22 PagesCU3085 Safeguarding and Protection of Vulnerable Adults. EDI Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and Social Care and Children and Young People’s Services (England) 1. Understand the legislation, regulations and policies that underpin the protection of vulnerable adults. 1.1 Analyse the differences between the concept of safeguarding and the concept of protection in relation to vulnerable adults. 1.2 Evaluate the impact of policy developments on approaches to safeguarding vulnerable adults in ownRead MoreSafeguarding Adults: Enabling Adults in Vulnerable Circumstances.6310 Words   |  26 PagesAre safeguarding procedures effective in supporting people with learning disabilities who are involuntary users of services? Safeguarding is a key role for social workers working with people with learning disabilities. This assignment will consider models of human development and critically analyse factors that impact upon the vulnerability of adults. It will further explore how adults with learning disabilities are oppressed and discriminated against at various levels. Using a practical exampleRead MoreSafeguarding: Local Government and Vulnerable Adults1924 Words   |  8 PagesSafeguarding The safeguarding of vulnerable adults is high priority. All citizens and organisations have a role to play in protecting vulnerable adults from abuse, wherever and whenever it occurs. The approach is to maintain an appropriate balance between the promotion of independence and the safeguarding of vulnerable adults. In the CSSIW Protection of Vulnerable Adults Monitoring Report for 2008 – 2009, there were 4,451 alleged cases of abuse of vulnerable adults, reported across Wales. TheseRead MoreSafeguarding and protection of vulnerable adults (P1) Essay8208 Words   |  33 Pages514 – The Safeguarding and protection of vulnerable adults 1. Understand the legislation, regulations and policies that underpin the protection of vulnerable adults 1.1 Analyse the differences between the concept of safeguarding and the concept of protection in relation to vulnerable adults There is a difference between Safeguarding vulnerable adults/children and adult/child protection. Safeguarding is everybody’s responsibility, and includes measures to prevent or minimise the potential forRead MoreSafeguarding The Protection Of Children, Young People And Vulnerable Adults3249 Words   |  13 PagesSafeguarding is a term used within health and social care to define the protection of children, young people and vulnerable adults. Safeguarding incorporates the protection of those most vulnerable from abuse, neglect and potential harm. ‘Safeguarding means protecting people’s health, wellbeing and human rights, and enabling them to live free from harm, abuse and neglect. It is fundamental to creating high-quality health and social care’ (CQC, 2014a). Abuse can occur in a range of situations andRead MoreLevel 3 diploma for the children and young peoples workforce - Safeguarding1513 Words   |  7 Pages! Safeguarding The Wellbeing Of Children And Young People! Safeguarding is a measure taken to having suitable policies, procedures and risk assessments as guide to protect service users who may for some reason under personal circumstances be vulnerable to abuse. It should be regarded as ‘everybody’s business’ and must commit to ensuring children, young people and vulnerable adults are protected from any form of mistreatment.! ! ! ! Purpose of the policy! ! To protect and promoteRead More11 – Safeguarding Adults Promoting Independence990 Words   |  4 Pages|Course Title | Health Social Care | |Unit Title |11 – Safeguarding Adults Promoting Independence | |Level |3 | |Part Unit Read Morepriciple of support Essay964 Words   |  4 Pagesprotecting clients, patients, and colleagues from harm Stepped approach to safeguarding by the BMA: Step 1: Prevention – identifying adults who may be vulnerable . Identifying and recording factors that may contribute to a patient’s vulnerability can be a vital first step in ensuring that he or she receives necessary support. Step 2: Assessing the individual’s needs. Once an individual has been identified as vulnerable, the next step is to assess his or her needs. Where harm or abuse has occurredRead MoreQuestion Answers1603 Words   |  7 Pages | |Principles of Safeguarding and Protection in Health and Social Care. | |Unit aim: | |This unit introduces the important area of safeguarding individuals from abuse. It identifies different types of abuse and the

America’s Present Judicial Structure Free Essays

America’s judicial system is one of the most well known all over the world. In many countries, people of the state are not given as much opportunity to seek legal redress, or defend one’s self. In the United States, accusers and defendants alike are given the same rights in court regardless of their social standing. We will write a custom essay sample on America’s Present Judicial Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now I can say that Americans are living with such a great privilege to be able to live with a judicial system and constitution that uphold the inherent rights of every citizen. However, I believe that anything that is created good has the tendency or potential to digress from its original purpose, and as time goes by, may deteriorate or become corrupted. The Founding Fathers have set a constitution that would be the basis for judicial proceedings in the land. They are honest, trustworthy and honorable men. They envisioned a state that upholds the truth and executes justice. But as the generations continue to pass by, there is no guarantee that every judge in the Federal and State courts will have the same integrity as the ones who framed the laws in the past. Thus, the first weakness that I can see in America’s judicial structure is that, if corruption penetrates it, the very laws that uphold the dignity of every human being will be left to the interpretation and disposal of the men who are corrupt. Various literature and entertainment media has portrayed this exact problem of the judicial system. For example, the 1996 movie entitled â€Å"City Hall†, (starring Al Pacino and John Cusack) portrays the high possibility of corruption in the judiciary. In the movie, a judge in the highest court of New York participates in the manipulation of the law, and instead of convicting a guilty man, let him go and hid the documents considered as evidence. As the story unfolds, it became clear that the city mayor was the one who influenced the judge to do the act because it is in the best interest of some wealthy businessmen who helped the mayor with his political career. Although this is a fictional story, I can say that there is always fire under the smoke. In real American life, politics has a major impact on the judiciary. If the above statement is true, then there really is a possibility that the executive branch can influence the decisions of the judiciary by applying political pressure. So much has been said about the separation and independence of the branches of government from each other, but in some cases (especially high profile cases and those that stir political interests), the judiciary is highly vulnerable to the influence of the political world. I believe the current judicial structure has not exceeded its constitutional powers, but it is more powerful than what the framers of the constitution originally intended. For example, the Federal court is known as the guardian of the constitution. It is within its power to interpret the law written in the past, and apply it to present day circumstances. Thus, the people who interpret the law are more powerful than the law itself. Although members of the judiciary system are working within the limits and bounds set by the constitution, the constitution itself gives them the power to interpret and execute the law. This means that with the enormous power in their hands, it is easy to neglect true justice by using legal technicalities. Interpretation of the law is a rather difficult task because the constitution is vague and ambiguous in many ways. Some law scholars believe that the Constitution purposely remains vague in order to be timeless and applicable to all circumstances. Some believe that the constitution should be followed literally and word for word, and if there are vague areas in it, should be changed or amended to be more precise. This ambiguity in the constitution makes way for the neglect of true justice because each trial lawyer interprets the law in a manner that suits his client’s advantage. Because of the vagueness of the constitution, the courtroom often becomes more of a battleground of who is the better lawyer, than a battleground between right and wrong. For example, a person accused of trampling animal rights by offering sheep and goats as sacrifices, may also be acquitted on the grounds of the freedom of religion. The final verdict, however, will depend on who is the better lawyer, more skilled at applying legal technicalities, and more skilled at interpreting the law in a way that suits the taste of the jury. This basic problem of the American justice system was portrayed in another film entitled, â€Å"The Devil’s Advocate†, where a young lawyer has never lost a single case in his entire life, even though his clients are obviously guilty. There is no other way to solve this judicial problem than to amend the constitution itself. In my opinion, there is no need to change the laws that are written by the constitution framers of old. However, modern applications to the said laws should constantly be added to suit the changing needs of society and modern life. Lessening the ambiguity of the constitution will make way for fairer decisions in the court and ensure that guilty men are punished and the innocent are rewarded with freedom. Needless to say, judges must maintain a high standard of integrity to avoid corruption within the judicial system. Corruption can bring down even the strongest of judicial systems. It did once, for the Roman government. In essence, it is still the American people and not the judiciary who has the power to issue a final verdict. Our jury system was created to ensure that courtroom decisions are impartial, and that the citizens of the nation still have the final say. Jurors are chosen from different walks of life and given the responsibility and duty of executing justice. This is a reflection of true democracy and I believe it is one of the major strengths of the American judicial system. Bibliography: City Hall. Dir. Harold Becker. Perf. Al Pacino, John Cusack, Bridget Fonda, Danny Aiello, and David Paymer. 1996. DVD. Touchstone, 2001 MegaEssays. com. â€Å"Federal and State Court Structures and Jurisdiction†. 1 October 2007. http://www. megaessays. com/viewpaper/7541. html The Devil’s Advocate. Dir. Taylor Hackford. Perf. Keanu Reeves, Al Pacino and Charlize Theron. Warner Brothers Pictures, 1997. How to cite America’s Present Judicial Structure, Papers

Summer Of My German Soldier Essay Questions Example For Students

Summer Of My German Soldier Essay Questions Bette Greene wrote Summer of my German Soldier. This book is about a 17 year old teenager who gets caught up in World War 2. When he gets drafted his girlfriend takes serious action to save her boyfriend, but also takes the risk of losing her life. This book takes place in Jenkins Ville, Arkansas in a train station. A young lady named Patty Bergen that just turned twelve is anxiously waiting for the arrival of president Roosevelt. The president is planning a secret military in Arkansas, and Patty thinks that is a big mistake. Patty thinks that Arkansas isnt very patriotic and is a bad place for a military. Everything seems fine, and then Patty soon finds out that the Nazis are putting together concentration camps to torture all of the Jewish people. When Patty hears the bad news, she is horrified. Patty and her mother have an idea that might just determine life and death, they would hide from the Nazi soldiers. It was the middle of winter and the cold air blew through the windows like ice. Patty and her mother fixed themselves a cup of hot chocolate to keep warm. As they sipped the hot chocolate, they watched the television set, and watched who was going to be drafted. We will write a custom essay on Summer Of My German Soldier Questions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Patty suddenly saw a boy that she knew. Patty and her mother heard someone outside, quickly turned off the T.V. set, and carefully got quiet. Patties mother looked outside to see who it was, and saw that it was a Nazi soldier. She quickly scampered to her bed, but tripped over the rug, and the soldier caught both Patty and her mother. They were put in a concentration camp and were immediately struck and beaten. They were put in bunks with many others with low food. Patty was reluctant to get out, but it was a big risk to take, she was going to climb over a wall, and escape from the camp. She was afraid that she would lose her friends and her mother. It was the middle of the night and the coast was clear, she ran towards the wall, climbed over and was shot in the back with a rifle. She was immediately taken to first aid, but it was to late. She had lost to much blood and died! In the end the outcome was very bad and Patty was no more. Patties mother was terrified, and Patties friends were petrified. The end was sad, and this book was sad but it taught me a bunch about World War 2.

2016 Presidential Race - Candidates and Results

2016 Presidential Race - Candidates and Results The 2016 presidential race concluded on the evening of Nov. 8, 2016, with the election of Republican Donald Trump as the 45th president of the United States. Trump, a billionaire real-estate developer, businessman and reality-television star, defeated Democrat Hillary Clinton, a former U.S. senator from New York and secretary of the Department of State under President Barack Obama.   Trump was widely portrayed as the underdog right up to Election Day given his lack of political experience -   he had never before served in elected office -   and polls that showed he was trailing Clinton badly in key battleground states. Trump, however, stunned the American political establishment and observers around the world by leading a voter revolt against the Beltway elites he railed against on the campaign trail.   Trump won the electoral vote but lost the popular vote, becoming only the fifth president to get to the White House without winning the popular vote.  The only other modern president elected with fewer actual votes than his challenger was  Republican George W. Bush in 2000, who carried 30 states and 271 electoral votes to defeat Democratic presidential nominee Al Gore. Issues in 2016 Presidential Race The 2016 president race was decided by working class white voters, including women who tend to vote for Democrats and were expected to side with the first female presidential nominee from a major party. Those working class white voters  felt left behind by the modest economic rebound from The Great Recession and voted for Trump  because of his promise to renegotiate trade deals with countries including China and levy stiff tariffs on goods imported from these countries. Trumps position on trade was seen as a way to stop companies from shipping jobs overseas, though many economists pointed out taxing imports would drive up costs to American consumers first.His message resonated with white working-class voters, especially those who live in former steel and manufacturing towns. Skilled craftsmen and tradespeople and factory workers have seen the jobs they loved shipped thousands of miles away, Trump said at a rally near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Voters also distrusted Clinton because of the many scandals surrounding her during her tenure as secretary of State and first lady to President Bill Clinton. Clinton could not escape criticism of her use of a personal email account during her time as secretary of State, which appeared to be in violation of the Federal Records Act, a 1950 law that mandates the preservation of most records related to conducting government business.   Late in the 2016 presidential race - many called it the October Surprise of 2016 -   the Federal Bureau of Investigation announced unexpectedly it was conducting a  review Clintons emails, an unprecedented move that enraged her supporters and threw the contest with Trump into doubt.  FBI Director James Comey made the announcement 11 days before the 2016 presidential election, a move many critics said cost Clinton votes. Comey later said the email contained no new information. Still, the damage was done, and the disclosures only served as a reminder of the scandal-ridden Clinton years in the White House. Vice Presidential Running Mates in 2016 Trump chose as his running mate Indiana Gov. Mike Pence, a former member of Congress known as a ​conservatives conservative. In choosing Pence, the Trump campaign sought to portray the Republican ticket as the  law and order candidates, drawing a stark contrast between themselves and an opponent they portrayed as untrustworthy.  What a difference  between crooked Hillary Clinton and Mike Pence ... Hes a  solid, solid person, Trump said in introducing Pence. Clinton chose as her running mate Democratic U.S. Sen. Tim Kaine of Virginia. Kaine was a Democratic Party insider who was seen as a safe pick, one who would help deliver the swing state of Virginia to Clinton, just as a did for Obama in 2008. Kaine is a  Harvard Law School graduate who served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee and previously was governor of Virginia. Key Dates in the 2016 Presidential Race Here are some of the most important developments during the 2016 presidential election. April 12, 2015: Clinton announces her candidacy, stating:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Everyday Americans need a champion. And I want to be that champion.†Ã‚   June 16, 2015: Trump announces his candidacy, stating: We need somebody that literally will take this country and make it great again. We can do that.July 22, 2016: Trump accepts the Republican Partys nomination, stating: My message is that things have to change, and they have to change right now. July 26, 2016: Clinton accepts the Democratic Partys nomination, stating:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Standing here as my mother’s daughter, and my daughter’s mother, I’m so happy this day has come. When any barrier falls in America, for anyone, it clears the way for everyone.† Nov. 8, 2016: Trump wins the presidential election, stating: Working together, we will begin the urgent task of rebuilding our nation and renewing the American dream. Polls in the 2016 Presidential Races Polls consistently showed Clinton leading Trump in the national popular vote. In the spring of 2016, when the primaries were still ongoing, Clinton was leading Trump in a then-hypothetical election race by double digits, between 10 and 11 percentage points.   Clintons popular vote narrowed and expanded following the Republican National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio, and the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. But Trump never led the national popular vote, according to an average of all reliable surveys compiled by RealClearPolitics. Those national polls turned out to be accurate; Clinton did win the popular vote. But statewide polls failed to gauge the surge for Trump in the final days of the 2016 presidential race. In Pennsylvania, for example, most polls had Clinton holding a solid lead, but Trump won by a narrow margin. Polls conducted in Michigan, too, had Clinton up by more than 3 points, but Trump narrowly won that state. Pollsters have said their surveys failed to detect a late surge for Trump, and that many Trump supporters who were skeptical of political polls and the media refused to participate, suppressing the Republicans performance in their results. Spending in the 2016 Presidential Race Spending in the 2016 president race totaled nearly $2.7 billion, according to projections from the nonprofit Center for Responsive Politics in Washington, D.C.  That includes spending by the presidential candidates and their campaigns, political parties and independent interest groups trying to influence federal elections. Thats actually a decline from the $2.8 billion spent in the 2008 president race between Democrat Barack Obama and Republican John McCain. Federal Election Commission data show the presidential candidates raised about $1.5 billion; Clinton led the pack with $564 million. Trump raised about $333 million. Super PACs raised about $615 million.   Electoral and Popular Vote Results of the 2016 Presidential Race Trump won 306 electoral votes to Clintons 232 electoral votes. Though Trumps win was stunning to many, it is not considered a landslide. In presidential elections, a landslide election is  one in which the winning candidate secures at least 375 or 70 percent of the 538 electoral votes in the Electoral College. While Trump won about 57 percent of the electoral vote, he captured less than 46 percent of the actual votes cast. Clinton won the popular vote with 65.9 million or 48 percent of the the votes cast to Trumps 63 million. Trump won 31 states in all to Clintons 19 states. He won a handful of big battleground states that hadnt been captured by a Republican presidential nominee in years, including Pennsylvania, Ohio, Florida and Michigan. This mismatch between the electoral and popular votes came about because Trump won several large states (such as Florida, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin) by very narrow margins, gaining all their electoral votes in the process, even as Clinton claimed other large states (such as California, Illinois and New York) by much wider margins, wrote Drew DeSilver of the Pew Research Center.  Trump’s share of the popular vote, in fact, was the seventh-smallest winning percentage since 1828, when presidential campaigns began to resemble those of today. The biggest surprise  of the 2016 presidential race was Trumps ability to recapture key states that had tended to vote for Democratic nominees in the previous president election including: Pennsylvania, where Trump won by less than 1 percentage point to take the states 20 electoral votes.   Florida, where Trump won by a little more than 1 percentage point to carry the states 29 electoral votes. Ohio,  where Trump won by about 18 percentage points to carry the states 18 electoral votes. Michigan,  where Trump won by less than 1 percentage point to carry the states 16 electoral votes. Wisconsin,  where Trump won by less than 1 percentage point to carry the states 10  electoral votes. Iowa,  where Trump won by about 9 percentage points to carry the states 6  electoral votes. The 2016 Presidential Primaries   While Clintons candidacy was years in the making  - she began laying the groundwork for 2016 when she dropped out of the Democratic primaries against Barack Obama  - Trumps candidacy for the White House was quickly dismissed as a lark. He began amid the largest field of presidential hopefuls in 100 years; 17 candidates were seeking the Republican presidential nomination at one point. The unsuccessful Republican candidates were: Jeb Bush, a former Florida governor.Ben Carson, a retired neurosurgeon. Chris Christie, the New Jersey governor. Ted Cruz, a U.S. senator from Texas.Carly Fiorina, a former business executive.Jim Gilmore, a former Virginia governor.Lindsey Graham, a U.S. senator from South Carolina.  Mike Huckabee, a former Arkansas governor.  Bobby Jindal, the Louisiana governor.   John Kasich, the Ohio governor.George Pataki, a former New York governor.Rand Paul, a U.S. senator from Kentucky.Rick Perry, a former Texas governor.Marco Rubio, a U.S. senator from Florida. Rick Santorum, a former U.S. senator from Pennsylvania.Scott Walker, the governor of Wisconsin. Clinton struggled to close her partys presidential nomination. Vermont U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders drew large crowds during the party primaries because of his passionate speeches about income inequality in the corrupting influence of money in the American political system. Where Clintons campaign suffered from a lack of enthusiasm among young voters, Sanders was benefiting from a similar youth uprising that Obama experienced in 2008.   The  unsuccessful Democratic  candidates  were: Lincoln Chafee, a former governor of Rhode Island.Lawrence Lessig, a Harvard professor.Martin OMalley, the governor of Maryland. Bernie Sanders, a U.S. senator from Vermont.Jim Webb, a former U.S. senator from Virginia.

Biography of Henry V of England

Biography of Henry V of England An icon of chivalry, a conquering hero, an exemplar of kingship and a supreme self-publicist, Henry V is among the triumvirate of the most famous English monarchs. Unlike Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, Henry V forged his legend in a little over nine years, but the long-term effects of his victories were few and many historians find something unpleasant in the arrogantly determined, albeit charismatic, young king. Even without Shakespeares attention, Henry V would still be fascinating modern readers. Birth and Early Life The future Henry V was born Henry of Monmouth at Monmouth Castle into one of Englands most powerful noble families. His parents were Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, a man who had once tried to curb the ambitions of his cousin, King Richard II, but now acted loyally, and Mary Bohun, heir to a rich chain of estates. His grandfather was John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, third son of Edward III, a staunch supporter of Richard II, and the most powerful English noble of the age. At this point, Henry was not considered an heir to the throne and his birth was thus not recorded formally enough for a definitive date to have survived. Historians cant agree on whether Henry was born on August 9th or September 16th, in 1386 or 1387. The current leading biography, by Allmand, uses 1386; however, the introductory work by Dockray uses 1387. Henry was the oldest of six children and he received the best upbringing an English noble could have, including training in martial skills, riding, and forms of hunting. He also received an education in music, harp, literature, and spoke three languages- Latin, French, and English- making him unusually highly educated. Some sources claim that the young Henry was sickly and puny in childhood, but these descriptions didn’t follow him past puberty. Tensions in Court In 1397 Henry Bolingbroke reported treasonous comments made by the Duke of Norfolk; a court was convened but, as it was one Dukes word against another, trial by battle was arranged. It never took place. Instead, Richard II intervened in 1398 by exiling Bolingbroke for ten years and Norfolk for life. Subsequently, Henry of Monmouth found himself a guest at the royal court. While the word hostage was never used, there was underlying tension behind his presence and the implicit threat to Bolingbroke should he disobey. However, the childless Richard appeared to have a genuine fondness for young Henry and he knighted the boy. Becoming the Heir In 1399, Henrys grandfather, John of Gaunt, died. Bolingbroke should have inherited his fathers estates but Richard II revoked them, kept them for himself and extended Bolingbrokes exile to life. By this time, Richard was already unpopular, seen as an ineffective and increasingly autocratic ruler but his treatment of Bolingbroke cost him the throne. If the most powerful English family could lose their land so arbitrarily and illegally; if the most loyal of all men is rewarded by his heirs disinheritance; what rights did other landowners have against this king? Popular support swung to Bolingbroke, who returned to England where he was met by many who urged him to seize the throne from Richard. This task was completed with little opposition the same year. On October 13th, 1399, Henry Bolingbroke became Henry IV of England, and two days later Henry of Monmouth was accepted by Parliament as heir to the throne, Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, and Earl of Chester. Two months later he was given the further titles Duke of Lancaster and Duke of Aquitaine.​ Relationship with Richard II Henrys rise to heir had been sudden and due to factors beyond his control, but his relationship with Richard II, especially during 1399, is unclear. Richard had taken Henry on an expedition to crush rebels in Ireland and, upon hearing of Bolingbrokes invasion, confronted Henry with the fact of his fathers treason. The encounter, allegedly recorded by one chronicler, ends with Richard agreeing that Henry was innocent of his fathers acts. Although he still imprisoned Henry in Ireland when he returned to fight Bolingbroke, Richard made no further threats against him. Furthermore, sources suggest that when Henry was released, he traveled to see Richard rather than return directly to his father. Is it possible that Henry felt more loyalty to Richard- as a king or a father figure- than to Bolingbroke? Prince Henry agreed to Richards imprisonment but it is unclear whether this and Henry IVs decision to have Richard murdered had any effect on later events, such as the younger Henrys impatience to usurp his father or his choice to rebury Richard with full regal honors in Westminster Abbey. We dont know for certain. Experience in Battle Henry Vs reputation as a leader began forming in his teenage years, as he and took on responsibilities in the government of the realm. One example of this is the Welsh uprising led by Owain Glyn DÃ… µr. When the small uprising swiftly grew into a full-scale rebellion against the English crown, Henry, as Prince of Wales, had a responsibility to help fight this treason. Consequently, Henrys household moved to Chester in 1400 with Henry Percy, nicknamed Hotspur, in charge of military affairs. Hotspur was an experienced campaigner from whom the young prince was expected to learn. However, after several years of ineffective cross-border raiding, the Percys rebelled against Henry IV, culminating in the  Battle of Shrewsbury on July 21st, 1403. The prince was wounded in the face by an arrow but refused to leave the fight. In the end, the kings army was victorious, Hotspur was killed, and the younger Henry famed throughout England for his courage. Lessons Learned in Wales Following the Battle of Shrewsbury, Henrys involvement in military strategy increased greatly and he began forcing a change in tactics, away from raids and into the control of land through strong points and garrisons. Any progress was initially hampered by a chronic lack of funding- at one point, Henry was paying for the entire war from his own estates. By 1407, fiscal reforms facilitated the sieging of Glyn DÃ… µr castles, which finally fell by the end of 1408. With the rebellion fatally, Wales was brought back under English control just two years later. Henrys successes as king can be clearly tied to the lessons he learned in Wales, particularly the value of controlling strongpoints, approaches to dealing with the tedium and difficulties of besieging them, and the need for proper supply lines and a reliable source of adequate finances. He also experienced the exercise of royal power. Involvement in Politics From 1406 to 1411, Henry played an ever-increasing role in the Kings Council, the body of men who ran the nations administration. In 1410, Henry took overall command of the council; however, the opinions and policies Henry favored were often counter to those favored by his fater- particularly where France was concerned. In 1411, the king became so irked that he dismissed his son from the council altogether. Parliament, however, were impressed by both the princes energetic rule and his attempts to reform government finances.​ In 1412, the king organized an expedition to France led by Henrys brother, Prince Thomas. Henry- possibly still angry or sulking over his expulsion from the council- refused to go. The campaign was a failure and Henry was accused of staying in England to plot a coup against the king. Henry denied these accusations vigorously, obtaining a promise from Parliament to investigate and personally protesting his innocence to his father. Later in the year, more rumors emerged, this time claiming the Prince had stolen funds earmarked for a siege of Calais. After much protest, Henry was again found innocent. Threat of Civil War and Ascension to the Throne Henry IV had never secured universal support for his seizure of the crown from Richard and by the end of 1412, his familys supporters were drifting into armed and angry factions. Fortunately for the unity of England, people realized Henry IV was terminally ill before these factions were mobilized and efforts were made to obtain peace between father, son, and brother. Henry IV died on March 20th, 1413, but if he had remained healthy, would his son have started an armed conflict to clear his name, or even seize the crown? It is impossible to know. Instead, Henry was proclaimed king on March 21st, 1413, and crowned as Henry V on April 9th. Throughout 1412, the younger Henry seemed to have been acting with righteous confidence, even arrogance and was clearly chafing against the rule of his father, but legends claim that the wild prince turned into a pious and determined man overnight. There may not be much truth in those tales, but Henry probably did appear to change in character as he fully adopted the mantle of King. Finally able to direct his great energy into his chosen policies, Henry began acting with the dignity and authority he believed was his duty and his accession was broadly welcomed. Early Reforms For the first two years of his reign, Henry worked hard to reform and solidify his nation in preparation for war. The dire royal finances were given a thorough overhaul by streamlining and maximizing the existing system. The resulting gains werent enough to fund a campaign overseas, but Parliament was grateful for the effort and Henry built on this to cultivate a strong working relationship with the Commons, resulting in generous grants of taxation from the people to fund a campaign in France. Parliament was also impressed with Henrys drive to tackle the general lawlessness into which vast areas of England had sunk. The peripatetic courts worked much harder than in Henry IVs reign to tackle crime, reducing the number of armed bands and trying to solve the long-term disagreements which fomented local conflict. The chosen methods, however, reveal Henrys continued eye on France, for many criminals were simply pardoned for their crimes in return for military service abroad. The emphasis was less on punishing crime than channeling that energy towards France. Uniting the Nation Perhaps the most important campaign Henry undertook in this phase was to unite the nobles and common people of England behind him. He showed and practiced a willingness to forgive and pardon families who had opposed Henry IV, none more so than the Earl of March, the lord Richard II had designated as his heir. Henry freed March from imprisonment and returned the Earls landed estates. In return, Henry expected absolute obedience and he moved quickly and decisively to stamp out any dissent. In 1415 the Earl of March informed on plans to put him on the throne which, in truth, were merely the grumblings of three disaffected lords who had already abandoned their ideas. Henry acted swiftly to execute the plotters and remove their opposition. Henry also acted against the spreading belief in Lollardy, a pre-Protestant Christian movement, which many nobles felt was a threat to Englands very society and which had previously had sympathizers at court. A commission was created to identify all Lollards and a Lollard-led rebellion was swiftly put down. Henry issued a general pardon to all those who surrendered and repented. Through these acts, Henry made sure the nation saw him as acting decisively to crush both dissent and religious deviance, underlining his position as Englands leader and Christian protector while also binding the nation further around him. Honoring Richard II Henry had Richard IIs body moved and reinterred with full regal honors in Westminster Cathedral. Possibly done out of fondness for the former king, the reburial was a political masterstroke. Henry IV, whose claim to the throne was legally and morally dubious, hadnt dared perform any act which gave legitimacy to the man he usurped. Henry V, on the other hand, demonstrated confidence in himself and his right to rule, as well as a respect for Richard which pleased any of the latters remaining supporters. The codification of a rumor that Richard II once remarked how Henry would be king, most certainly done with Henrys approval, turned him into the heir of both Henry IV and Richard II. Statebuilding Henry actively encouraged the idea of England as a nation separate from others, most importantly when it came to language. When Henry, a tri-lingual king, ordered all government documents to be written in vernacular English (the language of the normal English peasant) it was the first time it had ever happened. The ruling classes of England had used Latin and French for centuries, but Henry encouraged a cross-class use of English that was markedly different from the continent. While the motive for most of Henrys reforms was configuring the nation to fight France, he also fulfilled almost all the criteria by which kings were to be judged: good justice, sound finance, true religion, political harmony, accepting counsel and nobility. Only one remained: success in war. English kings had claimed parts of the European mainland ever since William, Duke of Normandy,  won the throne in 1066, but the size and legitimacy of these holdings varied  through struggles with the competing French crown. Not only did Henry consider it his legal right and duty to recover these lands, but he also believed honestly and utterly in his right to the rival throne, as first claimed by Edward III. At every stage of his French campaigns, Henry went to great lengths to be seen as acting legally and royally. In France, King Charles VI was mad and the French nobility had split into two warring camps: the Armagnacs, formed around Charles son, and the Burgundians, formed around John, Duke of Burgundy. Henry saw a way to take advantage of this situation. As a prince, he had supported the Burgundian faction, but as the king, he played the two against each other simply to claim hed tried to negotiate. In June 1415, Henry broke talks off and on August 11 began what became known as the Agincourt Campaign. Military Victories at Agincourt and Normandy Henrys first target was the port of Harfleur, a French naval base and potential supply point for the English armies. It fell, but only after a protracted siege which saw Henrys army reduced in numbers and affected by illness. With winter approaching, Henry decided to march his force overland to Calais despite being opposed by his commanders. They felt the scheme was too risky, as a major French force was gathering to meet their weakened troops. At Agincourt on October 25th, an army of both French factions blocked the English and forced them to battle. The French should have crushed the English, but a combination of deep mud, social convention, and French mistakes led to an overwhelming English victory. Henry completed his march to Calais, where he was greeted like a hero. In military terms, victory at Agincourt simply allowed Henry to escape catastrophe and deterred the French from further pitched battles, but politically the impact was enormous. The English further united around their conquering king, Henry became one of the most famous men in Europe and the French factions splintered again in shock. Having obtained vague promises of help from John the Fearless in 1416, Henry returned to France in July 1417 with a clear objective: the conquest of Normandy. He maintained his army in France consistently for three years, methodically besieging towns and castles and installing new garrisons. By June 1419 Henry controlled the vast majority of Normandy. Admittedly, warring between the French factions meant little national opposition was organized but it was nonetheless a supreme achievement. Equally notable are the tactics Henry used. This wasnt a plundering  chevauchà ©e  as favored by previous English kings, but a determined attempt to bring Normandy under permanent control. Henry was acting as rightful king and allowing those who accepted him to keep their land. There was still brutality- he destroyed those who opposed him and grew increasingly violent- but he was far more controlled, magnanimous, and answerable to the law than before. The War for France On May 29th, 1418, while Henry and his forces advanced further into France, John the Fearless captured Paris, slaughtered the Armagnac garrison and took command of Charles VI and his court. Negotiations had continued between the three sides throughout this period, but the Armagnacs and Burgundians grew close again in the summer of 1419. A united France would have threatened Henry Vs success, but even in the face of continued defeats at the hands of Henry, the French could not overcome their internal divisions. At a meeting of  the Dauphin  and John the Fearless on September 10th, 1419, John was assassinated. Reeling, the Burgundians reopened negotiations with Henry. By Christmas, an agreement was in place and on 21st May 1420, the Treaty of Troyes signed. Charles VI remained  King of France, but Henry became his heir, married his daughter  Katherine  and acted as de facto ruler of France. Charles son, the Dauphin Charles, was barred from the throne and Henrys line would follow. On June 2nd, Henry married Katherine of Valois and on December 1st, 1420 he entered Paris. Unsurprisingly, the Armagnacs rejected the treaty. Untimely Death In early 1421, Henry returned to England, motivated by the need to acquire more funds and mollify Parliament. He spent the winter besieging Meaux, one of the Dauphins last northern strongholds, before it fell in May 1422. During this time his only child, Henry, had been born, but the king had also fallen ill and had to be literally carried to the next siege. He died on August 31st, 1422 at Bois de Vincennes. Successes and Legacy Henry V perished at the height of his power, only a few months following Charles VIs death and his coronation as King of France. In his nine-year reign, he had demonstrated the ability to manage a nation through hard work and an eye for detail. He had shown a charisma which inspired soldiers and a balance of justice and forgiveness with reward and punishment that united a nation and provided the framework on which he based his strategies. He had proved himself a planner and commander equal to the greatest of his era, keeping an army in the field constantly overseas for three years. While Henry had benefited greatly from the civil war being waged in France, his opportunism and ability to react enabled him to exploit the situation fully. Henry fulfilled every criterion demanded of a good king. Weaknesses It is entirely possible that Henry died just at the right time for his legend to remain, and that another nine years would have tarnished it greatly. The goodwill and support of the English people were definitely wavering by 1422 as the money was drying up and Parliament had mixed feelings towards Henrys seizure of the crown of France. The English people wanted a strong, successful king, but they were concerned about his level of interest in France and they certainly didnt want to pay for a prolonged conflict there. Ultimately, historys view of Henry is colored by the Treaty of Troyes. On the one hand, Troyes established Henry as the heir to France. However, Henrys rival heir, the Dauphin retained strong support and rejected the treaty. Troyes thus committed Henry to a long and expensive war against a faction who still controlled roughly half of France, a war which might take decades before the treaty could be enforced and for which his resources were running out. The task of properly establishing the Lancastrians as dual kings of England and France was probably impossible, but many also consider the dynamic and determined Henry as one of the few people able to do it. Henrys personality undermines his reputation. His confidence was part of an iron will and fanatical determination that hints at a cold, aloof character masked by the glow of victories. Henry seems to have focused on his rights and goals above those of his kingdom. As ​prince, Henry pushed for greater power and, as an ailing king, his last will made no provision for the care of the kingdom after his death. Instead, he spent his energies arranging twenty-thousand masses to be performed in his honor. At the time of his death, Henry had been growing more intolerant of enemies, ordering ever more savage reprisals and forms of war and may have been becoming increasingly autocratic. Conclusion Henry V of England was undoubtedly a gifted man and one of few to shape history to his design, but his self-belief and ability came at the expense of personality. He was one of the great military commanders of his age- acting from a genuine sense of right, not a cynical politician- but his ambition may have committed him to treaties beyond even his ability to enforce. Despite the achievements of his reign, including uniting the nation around him, creating peace between crown and parliament, and winning a throne, Henry left no long-term political or military legacy. The Valois reconquered France and retook the throne within forty years, while the Lancastrian line failed and England collapsed into civil war. What Henry did leave was a legend and a greatly enhanced national consciousness.

Climate change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Climate change - Assignment Example These satellites enable scientists to study the earth’s climatic change and also find out the cause of the rapid changes (Cook). This group largely helps in giving out information and predictions about the earth’s climate. One of the satellite checks on the effect caused by global warming and also the greenhouse effect (Cook). The science communication group believes that these effects are the main causes of the rising sea level due to ice age melt downs, thus explaining why there is an ice melts down in the arctic (Cook). HTTP://friendsofscience.com/ is a scientific resource and study page created in Canada, Alberta, and it is based in Calgary and it is owned by Michael Ignatieff (Cook). The friends of science website believe the sun is the main indirect and direct driver of the change in climate. Human activities are completely chucked out of the effects causing the rapid climatic change. The website was launched on 2002and since then it has come up with ten myth of the change in climate (Cook). The website completely denies the fact that there is global warming for the last three decades, they support their statement because they say that the balloon and satellite temperature record show that there is no sign of global warming (Cook). The main mission of the friends of science website is to reveal to people the main causes of the ice meltdown in the arctic (Cook). They empower this concept by their balloon satellite experiment hence blaming global warming on the sun thus explaining the concept of the ice meltdown in the arctic (Cook). They examine the main causes of the climatic change hence acknowledging people on what is really going on (Cook). The climate change has greatly led to the ice meltdown in the arctic according the friends of science website (Cook). They website believes that there is no global warming, and the sun is responsible for

Overcoming Barriers to Adopting and Implementing Computerized Essay

Overcoming Barriers to Adopting and Implementing Computerized Physician Order Entry Systems in U.S. Hospitals - Essay Example The central point of the study â€Å"Overcoming Barriers to Adopting and Implementing Computerized Physician Order Entry Systems in U.S. Hospitals† by Poon et al. (2004) is that implementing a Computerized Physician Order Entry system (CPOE) is not easy because the costs are high, there is opposition from various quarters of the hospital, and there may be issues with vendors. Also institutions that do not give importance to quality care and patient safety may not even plan for a CPOE. The main finding of this study is that hospitals can overcome problems during the implementation of the CPOE by having strong leaders who can administer the CPOE, realigning the approach of improving patient safety through technology, and developing strong relationships with a vendor committed to meeting the needs of the hospital and providing a customized CPOE system to the hospital. Besides, hospitals implementing the CPOE without much support and motivation from the senior management are likel y to have various problems during implementation such as physician’s reluctance to use the system, lack of training for the users of the CPOE, and poor involvement in development. Currently, different CPOE vendors use different data processes for transmitting information, and these processes may have high development costs. Consequently, vendors are likely to pass on the costs to the customers, who in turn make it difficult for the smaller hospitals to afford and implement a CPOE System. Instead, if standard data protocols such as Health Level 7 (HL7 – An interational heatlh informatics standard for interoperability) were utilized in the CPOE, then vendors would not only find it easy to incorporate HL7 or other data protocols in their system, but also lower the costs of the CPOE system; in 2009 it was found that 30% of the healthcare budget was spent on redundancies including poor technologies (Doolan, 2009). Prior Research The Poon et al. research study finds three co nsiderations that hospitals should use when planning for implementation of the CPOE system. One consideration is the number of deaths from medication error is about 98000 per year; most of these errors are preventable. Leapfrog Group (a healthcare organization involved with patient safety, healthcare technologies and financing) has considered CPOE as one of the patient goals. The current CPOE adoption rate is about 5 to 10% (Poon et al., 2004). Poon has found that previous studies have described some of the challenges that may be applicable during implementation, but have not come up with solutions. This study tries to go further by providing solutions to these challenges. A need for CPOE was strongly felt when the death rate from medical error (in hospitals in New York) was about 98000 per annum a decade back; a good portion of these errors were preventable (Kohn, 1999, p. 1). By incorporating CPOE in the healthcare system, the chances of reducing the medical errors are about 55 %. ( Doolan et al., 2004). However, as of 2004, it was found that only 10 to 15% of the hospitals in the U.S. actually use CPOE systems, and many of the hospitals are unaware of the manner of addressing challenges that can arise during the implementation of the CPOE should be addressed (Ash, 2004). To understand in greater detail regarding CPOE’s implementation, in-depth interviews were organized with the management of about 26 hospitals in the US that were in various stages of the CPOE implementation. After organizing the interview, three barriers were identified. These included resistance to the CPOE implementation from certain quarters of the hospital, high costs of implementation, and lack of vendor or product maturity. Research Question The research question in Poon et al. (2004) is â€Å"What are the different barriers to the implementation of the CPOE system in the hospital and how can these problems is addressed?† The research aimed at finding ways to identify and tackle

Nursing Reflective Essay Mentorship

Nursing Reflective Essay Mentorship According to the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2006) the term mentor is used to denote the role of a registered nurse who facilitates learning and supervises and assesses students in the practice place. They furthermore identify the eight mandatory standards that must be achieved to become a mentor, and within the assignment I shall be referring to the Standards to Support Learning and Assessment in Practice; NMC standards for mentors, practice teachers and teachers, and identifying the standards for mentors required (SM). This assignment will first look at the personal and professional reasons why I wanted to undertake the mentorship module. It will also discuss the importance of a supportive learning environment in the workplace, and how essential it is. My role as a mentor to a nursing student will be evaluated, looking at the way in which I supported her on the ward and how I facilitated this. In conclusion, I will identify my own personal development in undertaking and completing this module. As a registered nurse on a busy Paediatric ward I always enjoy supporting student nurses whilst they are on placement with us. There is an apparent shortage of qualified mentors on the ward, and within my last personal development review with my line manager I identified a need to attain the mentorship qualification. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2004) states, that as a registered nurse, you must keep your knowledge and skills up-to-date throughout your working life. You also have a duty to facilitate nursing students and others to develop their competence. According to Hand (2006), teaching is seen as an important part of the health professionals role, and at some point in their career, members of most healthcare professions are expected to teach other staff, students, patients and relatives. Therefore, the standard of teachers and mentors available in the practice place will have a major impact on the quality of future practitioners, consequently making an improvement in patient care. Most students and many professionals note that learning acquired from placement experience is much more meaningful and relevant than that acquired in the lecture room (Quinn 2000). To ensure any learner has a positive learning experience it is essential that the learning environment is practically, professionally, and psychologically supportive to all who work and learn within it. Clarke et al. (2003) notes that current nurse education puts a high value on learning in the clinical environment and this places numerous demands on clinical areas and staff. The quality of these clinical placements has a significant influence on the learning process for nursing students. The ward on which I work aims to foster a good all-round learning experience to students on placement as we are fortunate to be a well resourced ward with many experienced staff. Although we are an extremely busy ward, students are positively received and supported well, the majority wishing to work with us once qualified. On commencement of the mentorship module it was found that there were no students or learners available to me initially so the time span for my period of mentoring for the purpose of the assignment was limited to just one month. I was however, able to identify my own clinical mentor on the ward, and after analysis of my own strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) I decided on my short and long term goals and set a learning contract with my mentor in readiness for the allocation of a student. Jasper (2003) regards SWOT analysis as getting to know yourself. The understanding of our skills and abilities and the awareness of where our limits lie is seen as crucial to being able to act as a professional practitioner. I was finally allocated a first year child branch student, and was informed by the matron that this would be her first clinical placement. It was important to know where she was in her training for me to plan adequately when supporting her on the ward. A frequently used taxonomy in nurse education is the framework by Benner (2001) in which there are five levels; novice, beginner, competent, proficient, and expert. Benner (2001) suggests that nurses may be at different levels in different areas dependent on their previous experiences. It was unfortunate that I was not able to work with her on her first shift as I was finishing the nightshift as she was starting with the dayshift. I did however welcome her to the ward and orientated her to it, ensuring she knew who she would be working with on her first ever clinical shift. Davidson (2005) notes that students can be made to feel welcome by someone simply knowing their name and being expected. He also notes that a physical tour is a good start. This allows for brief introductions to other staff that the student will be working with. On this initial meeting I also gave her the wards student nurse orientation/resource pack. This provided her with basic information about the ward and the different teams and staff within it, this was to provide a good introduction into the environment that she would be learning in during her placement. Two days after she began, we had our first clinical shift together. I was pleased to hear that she had found other members of staff supportive during her first two days on the ward. Cahill (1996) acknowledges that the single most crucial factor in creating a positive learning environment is the relationship between staff and nursing students. She also notes that a common problem for students is that they are unable to work regularly with their mentor, so I took this opportunity to discuss and plan her off-duty taking into account any requests she had. Kenworthy and Nicklin (2000) remark that the more comfortable and safe a student feels within the environment, the more likely it is that effective learning will take place and the student will become motivated to learn. I was also able to discuss the learning pack which I had previously given her and she acknowledged that it appeared to be very informative. Morton-Cooper and Palmer (2000) state that although, in practice the mentor act s as a learning resource, it is necessary for the student to become self directed in the development of their learning needs. An important part of her placement was to establish a learning contract with myself as her clinical mentor. A learning contract is a document used to assist in the planning of a learning project. It is a written agreement negotiated between the learner and the mentor in which learning needs are identified (Lowry 1997). In order to do this successfully we needed to identify her learning objectives which included the learning outcomes of the modules to be assessed in practice. As this was her first attempt to set a learning contract it was important for me to support her through the process. Twentyman et al (2006) discuss assisted learning where the mentor asks the student to identify their goals and aim to secure learning opportunities that support the achievement. Jackson and Mannix (2001) note that amount of interest the nurse shows in the learning needs of the student and the key role he or she plays in their achievement are essential to the students development. During the shifts that I worked with her we discussed her required learning outcomes and during one of our formal meetings we agreed her learning contract. Within this learning contract she had identified that she needed to develop her awareness in the safe use of medical equipment used on the ward and the principles regarding using these. Quinn (2000a) remarks that it is important to have knowledge of the students programme and the required outcomes in order to ensure effective learning. After discussion with her it was decided that a teaching session surrounding the safe use of blood glucose monitoring equipment would be of benefit to her, as it was a procedure that was often required on the ward. It would cover one of her learning outcomes, and I agreed to facilitate this. Wallace (2003) notes, that it is important to reduce the possibility of exposing student or patient to any risk, until the student has acquired sufficient skill and knowledge when carrying out a practical procedure. The importance of assessment by a mentor is therefore crucial to ensure students become proficient in practical skills. The commonly held principle that accountability comes from training and education, is evident within the student nurse role. According to Pennels (1997) if accountability comes with knowledge, students are rightfully protected from full accountability until trained. Although responsible for their actions their knowledge base may be inadequate to allow accountability. Therefore, professional accountability lies with the registered nurse that a student nurse works with. It was reassuring for me that she and I had quickly developed an effective working relationship in which I had confidence in her ability to always ask if she became unsure about a situation. She appeared to fully understand her role as a student nurse as identified in the NMC guide for students of nursing and midwifery (NMC 2006a). Before embarking on any programme of teaching it is important to recognise that there are different learning theories and styles to consider. Reece and Walker (2003) state that there is a great deal written about the way people learn and numerous theories on the methods to teach effectively or guide people in learning. They discuss that the main learning theories are Behaviourism, Cognitivism and Humanism. According to the Behaviourism theory (Skinner 1974), the learning environment is fundamental to learning, and if this environment is right, learning occurs as connections are made between stimulus and response, and response and reinforcement (cited by Quinn, 2000a). The Cognitive theory (Bruner 1966) considers learning as an internal process that involves higher order mental activities such as memory, thinking, problem-solving, perception and reasoning (cited by Hand, 2006). The Humanistic learning theory (Maslow 1968) is based on the belief that humans have two basic needs, a need for growth and a need for positive regard by others. It is seen as the most holistic approach as it takes into account the drive and motivation of an individual to learn. Reece and Walker (2003) suggest that this theory also depends on the overall influence of the environment which may hinder or aid the learning process. Honey and Mumford (1992) discuss four different learning styles, and whenever possible, it is important to allow the students own style to influence your choice of teaching method. They describe learners as activists, pragmatists, theorists or reflectors. They further note that although many people were a mixture they generally had a preference for one style. To ensure her learning experience on the ward was successful it was important for me as her mentor to be aware of her preferred learning style as clinical education is an essential part of the nursing curriculum. During the shifts that I had worked with her, and with discussion it was established that she preferred a more practical experience therefore she favoured a pragmatist approach to learning. I therefore incorporated her preferred learning style into my planned teaching session. To enable an effective teaching session to take place, I as the facilitator needed to select an appropriate environment which was safe, clean, private and comfortable. It was also important that my learner, clinical mentor and myself were guaranteed time free from interruptions. The SWOT analysis that I had completed had highlighted the difficulties on the ward often found when teaching sessions were cancelled due to staff being too busy to attend. I therefore negotiated in advance protected time for all parties for this facilitation of learning and assessment. Davison (2005) notes that mentors need to plan ahead as good preparation can ease the experience for all parties. Watson (1999) also states that if teaching opportunities for students are to be meaningful and productive, planning is an important part of the mentors role. Although I felt I had established a good relationship with her since she had been working with me, it was important for me as her mentor to be aware of learne r anxiety as discussed by Price (2005). Anxiety is seen as disabling and requires mentor support if progress is to be made when learning in practice. Good communication skills are paramount when mentoring students, and diplomacy and tact must be employed when students need extra help in challenging situations. It is also worth noting that as a mentor with good communication and practical skills facilitating a well planned teaching session, I still experienced some anxiety. Price (2005) notes this often happens when your practice is being held up as exemplary and your knowledge may be tested later. On reflection I felt the teaching session achieved all the objectives set, and she was able to demonstrate this to me in both verbal feedback and the self assessment sheet provided. I also received positive verbal and written feedback from my clinical mentor. McAllister et al (1997) suggest the intention of giving positive feedback is to aid the receiver when developing their clinical and interpersonal skills. Reflective practice in nursing has been encouraged since the 1980s (Jasper 2003). Johns (1995) describes the process of reflection as a tool we use to assess, understand and learn through our lived experiences. Jasper (2003) also acknowledges that reflective practice is seen as one of the ways we can learn from our experiences, and in education for healthcare professions it is recognised as an essential tool for assisting students to make the links between theory and practice. As an effective mentor it is important for me to understand the value of supporting her in critically reflecting upon her learning experiences in order that her future learning can be enhanced, and when working with her I have actively encouraged her to do so. In conclusion, through undertaking and completing this module, I have developed an advanced knowledge and critical awareness of mentorship in health care practice. I have been encouraged to look at my own practice, ensuring that it is evidence based at all times, thus enabling me to fully support students in applying evidence base to their own practice. Research into the learning environment has clearly shown the impact that it can have on student learning and I intend to ensure that the ward resources are kept up to date for all learners. The exploration of learning theories and styles within the module has allowed me to acquire valuable understanding of the philosophies and theories surrounding learning, teaching and assessing and when planning learning experiences for students I now feel more equipped to integrate theory into practice. It is also important that once becoming a qualified mentor I attend the regular updates provided by the university, as the role of a mentor will be seen as the gate keeper to the profession. This will in turn enable me to mentor students more effectively on the ward as the importance of the mentors role in assessing practice cannot be over-emphasised.

Theories of Pyramid creation

The Egyptian pyramid construction theories range from simply outlandish to impossible. Almost all Archaeologist and some engineers take a stab at a theory sometime during their career. None have been proven and all are simply an educated guess. No one knows how the pyramids could have been built without today's heavy machinery. It seems Impossible for any group of men to move a 2. 5 ton block from the quarry to the construction site and then manage to lift Into the alarm to stack It precisely on top of each other without machinery and surveying tools. Doesn't It?In order to understand the size and magnitude of these pyramids, for example, the great pyramid of Gaza. This pyramid stood over oft tall and was the largest recorded structure in the world for over 3,800 years. It was made from roughly 2 be a mystery without modern day tools. Whoever built the pyramids employed a technology that far surpasses modern technology In most cases. Some say that present day engineers and architects are at such a complete loss as to how they were built and most admit they remain one of the most complex, sophisticated and receives built structures on earth.Some say that a select group of architects and engineers are at such a loss that they have turned to alien technology as the only possible answer. Theory; aliens built the pyramids, not man. People that believe this theory often base it on the fact that Egyptians had no knowledge of math or geometry and the fact that the pyramids align precisely with the constellation Orient's Belt. â€Å"Gaza consists of two almost equally tall pyramids and a smaller one which is only 53% of the height of the other two. The belt of Orion consists of two almost animally bright stars, and one with only 50% of the brightness of the other two.The smallest pyramid is the one which deviates from the diagonal, as does the dimmest star. † (Mohammad, 2013) It is also impossible to explain how the pyramid of Gaza is aligned perfectly with the m agnetic north pole since they had no use of a compass, especially since it had not even been vented yet. How can anyone explain how they moved such massive blocks of stone without the wheel, it also had not been vented yet. These all are interesting facts that say something out of this world helped theEgyptians build the pyramids, but the most astonishing one was when a reputable Egyptian Archeologist, Dry Ala Shaken told an audience that there might be some truth to the theory that aliens were involved in the construction of the great pyramids of Gaza. In a statement during an interview Dry. Shaken replied to a question from Mr.. Mark Novak that implied that there may be OF technology within Its structure with the following statement â€Å"l cannot confirm or deny this, but there Is something Inside the pyramid that Is â€Å"not of this world. † Dry. Shaken has failed to elaborate on is comment which leaves all of guessing. Michael Cohen, 2010) There are two theories close In similarity that most modern scholars believe to be possible, the external ramp theory and the Internal ramp theory. The first theory, the external ramp theory, Is based on the men pulling the large stone up a ramp that would Increase In height as the pyramid did. â€Å"Historians speculate that the stones were dragged up inclined ramps made of compacted rubble bonded and made slippery theory is it is believed to be impossible for the men to pull the stones up a ramp rater than 8% grade, this would mean the ramp would have to be over a mile long.There is not room, and there is not such a ramp on the Gaza plateau. Because the single straight ramp theory Just doesn't work many have opted for an optional ramp theory. The internal ramp theory combines both theories. It is believed that the bottom third of the pyramid had a single straight ramp that the blocks were dragged up. The internal ramp theory is based on the fact that the incline would never exceed 7%. This would be accomplis hed by building a ramp that wrapped the inside of the Truckee, similar to a spiral staircase.By using this method the blocks were pulled up the bottom 1/3 straight external ramp, they were then pulled inside and pulled up an internal ramp. It is believed that the reason there is not an external ramp in existence today is because it was categorized by using its blocks to create the top the 2/3 of the structure. This theory seems to be the best possible solution on how the pyramids were built, but it still doesn't explain how it was done with such precision and accuracy, which many believe will always remain a mystery.

What Was the Fertile Crescent

The fertile crescent, often referred to as the cradle of civilization, refers to a semi-circular area of the eastern Mediterranean region, including the valleys of the Nile, Tigris  and Euphrates rivers. The region includes parts of the modern countries of Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, northern Egypt, and Iraq, and the Mediterranean Sea coast lies to its west. To the south of the arc is the Arabian Desert, and at its southeast point is the Persian Gulf. Geologically, this region corresponds with the intersection of the Iranian, African, and Arabian tectonic plates. Origins of the Expression Fertile Crescent American Egyptologist James Henry Breasted (1865–1935) of the University of Chicago is credited with popularizing the term fertile crescent. In his 1916 book Ancient Times: A History of the Early World, Breasted wrote of the fertile crescent, the shores of the desert bay. The term quickly caught on and became the accepted phrase to describe the geographic area. Today, most books about ancient history include references to the fertile crescent. A Bit of Western Imperialism Breasted considered the fertile crescent the cultivable fringe of two deserts, a sickle-shaped semi-circle wedged between the Atlas mountains of Anatolia and the Sinai desert of Arabia and the Sahara desert of Egypt. Modern maps clearly show that the fertile part incorporated the major rivers of the region, and also a long stretch of the Mediterranean Sea coastline.  But the Fertile Crescent was never perceived as a single region by its Mesopotamian rulers. Breasted, on the other hand, had a birds eye view of the map during World War I and he saw it as a borderland. Historian Thomas Scheffler believes Breasteds use of the phrase reflected a zeitgeist of his day. In 1916, the crescent was occupied by the Ottoman Empire, a pivotal geo-strategic piece of the battles of World War I.  In Breasteds historical drama, says Scheffler, the region was the site of a struggle between desert wanderers and the hardy peoples of the northern and eastern mountains, an imperialist concept, building on the Biblical battle of Abel the Farmer and Cain the Hunter. History of the Fertile Crescent Archaeological studies over the last century have shown that the domestication of plants like wheat and barley and animals such as sheep, goats, and pigs took place in the adjacent mountains and plains outside of the boundaries of the Fertile Crescent, not within it. Within the Fertile Crescent, there were plenty of plants and animals available to the residents without going to the trouble of taming them. That need only arose outside of the region, where resources were harder to come by. In addition, the oldest permanent settlements are also outside of the Fertile Crescent: Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k, for example, is located in south-central Turkey, and was founded between  7400–6200 BCE, older than any site in the Fertile Crescent, except possibly Jericho. Cities did though, first flourish in the Fertile Crescent. By 6,000 years ago, early Sumerian cities such as Eridu  and Uruk were built and begun to flourish. Some of the first decorated pots, wall hangings, and vases were created, along with the world’s first brewed beer. Commercial level trade began, with the rivers used as â€Å"highways† to transport goods. Highly decorative temples were constructed to honor many different gods. From about 2500 BCE, great civilizations arose in the fertile crescent. Babylon  was a center for learning, law, science, and mathematics as well as art. Empires arose in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Phoenicia. The first versions of the Biblical stories of Abraham and Noah were written about 1900 BCE: While the Bible was once believed to be the oldest book ever written, it is clear that many great works were completed long before Biblical times. The Significance of the Fertile Crescent Today By the time of the fall of the Roman Empire, most of the great civilizations of the Fertile Crescent were in ruins. Today, much of what was fertile land is now desert, as a result of climate change and dams being built throughout the area. The area now referred to as the Middle East is among the most violent in the world, as wars over oil, land, religion, and power continue throughout modern Syria and Iraq—often crossing into Israel and other parts of the region. Sources Breasted, James Henry. Ancient Times, a History of the Early World: An Introduction to the Study of Ancient History and the Career of Early Man. Hardcover, Sagwan Press, August 22, 2015. Scheffler, Thomas. ‘Fertile Crescent’, ‘Orient’, ‘Middle East’: The Changing Mental Maps of Southwest Asia. European Review of History: Revue europà ©enne 10.2 (2003): 253-72. Print.dhistoire